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J. A. PROCTOR.

SYSTEM OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

APPLICM'ION man JULY 3.190.

1,194,066. Patented Aug. 8, 1916.

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( 0; U 3 E I? g G s v; i} .9, d Jfllberifmdor Inventor:

A tty J. A. PROCTOR.

SYSTEM OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

APPLICATION mgr) JULY 3.1912.

1,1 94,066. Patented Aug. 8, 1916.

4 SHEETSSHEET 2.

J. A. PROCTOR.

SYSTEM OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 3.1912.

Patented Aug. 8, 1916.

4 SHEETSSHEET s.

Inventor: fi

A tty KNQQRN est:

.I. A. PROCTOR.

SYSTEM OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

APPLICATION FILED IULV 3.19]?- 6 I 1 m. IT 8". -AN IIIIII I m; w m dm 0 w s -IIIII n m am P CONOENSE Inventor:

I Atty est:

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE,

JOHN ALBERT PROCTOR, 0F REVERE, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGIIOB TO WIRELESS I SPECIALTY APPARATUS COMPAN OF B" TON, MASSACHUSETTS, A CORPORA- TION OF NEW YORK.

SYSTEM OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 8, 1916.

Application filed July 3, 1912. Serial No. 707,414.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, JOHN ALBERT Pnoc- Ton, a citizen of the United States of America, and a resident of Revere, Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Systems of Wire-- The inventions hereof relate to the transmission and reception of intelligence by electric ether waves, and more particularly to a system including a sender involving the employment of an electrical discharge in such way as to producea single sharp blow, all the energy of which is forthwith impressed by shock or impact upon the radiating conductor wherein it is left free to oscillate persistently until it is finally entirely radiated; and the invention relates yet more particularly to a system including such a sender in combination with a receiver not only wave-tuned to the sender but also adjusted to the pure train-frequency now for the first time obtained by such sender. In this system the action in the discharge or exciting circuit is such that after the oocurrence ofthe sudden energy movement therein, and after the immediate transfer-' ence of all such energy by impact to the radiating conductor, there can be no continned-oscillation of the 'energy in the exciting circuit. That is, the exciting circuit and its elements are so constructed, and the Wave of electromotive force applied to charge the condenser of the exciter circuit is of such form, and all the conditions in general are such, that extra or partial irregular and harmful discharges or overtones are prevented, so that the action is limited to regularly spaced and useful discharges, and substantially no energy is lost by heating, and in general the exciting circuit is a dead-beat circuit of maximum efficiency for its object of charging by impact or shock the radiating conductor,

' "which is-caused to become a persistent oscillator by virtue .of said novel action of the excite! circuit. The result of all this is twofold? the radiating conductor is caused to become a persistent oscillator because all the energy is isolated in itto oscillate therein until it is finally completely radiated, instead of being partially returned to and wasted in the excitin gcircuit. Sec

ond, the oscillations in the radiating conductor are limited to a single'frequency because there is no reaction between the exciting circuit and the radiating conductor,

to cause plural frequencies'in the system.

The result of the persistent oscillations in the'radiating conductor is the radiation of trains of electrical ether waves which are both persistent and of a single uniform wave frequency. The highly important advantage of this final result is the very greatly increased efliciency of such 'waves in respect to their effect on a receiving conductor, particularly when the latter has the same natural frequency or periodicity as that of the waves, more particularly when the frequency of occurrence of the wavetrains is high and the receiving station is adjusted to the same train-frequency, and

yet more particularly when all the conditions exist which are disclosed herein.

The above objects are attained for the first time, as I believe, by the means and methods disclosed herein, although various attempts and unfulfilled claims have been made as to some of the same, in connection with systems termed variously quenchedspark and quenched-gap.

An important invention the means and methods of employing the potential for charging the condenser of the exciting-circuit, in such wave form of electromotive force as prevents the occurrence of extra or partial discharges, and without resulting loss of efliciency. Such prevention is not only very important in general, in contributing to the obtaining of the completely damped exciting circuit of my system, and as a part of any system wherein it is desirable to limit the action of the exciting circuit to regulardischarges, but it is particularly important in any case where hereof is that of there is employed a high de cc of sparkfrequency (2'. e., wave-train requency), as

t on ith the means at the sen ing station .for producing in the radiating conductor persistent oscillation trains which have a pure train-frequency, i. e., which are evenly spaced from each other. (Whether the train-frequency be of high or low degree, uniform spacing of the wave-trains, (i. 6., the occurrence of the trains at uniform time intervals) is essential to efiicient train tuning at the receiver, but .such train tuning is much more efficient, in proportion as the train frequency is higher.) Therefore this invention as to preventing extra discharges has at least two distant uses of importance which may be employed separately but which are advantageously employed toether in a single system as disclosed hereinafter, z'. e., first, in inaking possible the production of a pure shock or impact system, and second, and in any system not necessarily an impact system, in making possible the production of a pure train- 'frequency of ether waves such that the efficiency is greatly increased by givingthe receiver the same train-frequency as that of the ether waves.

Of the drawings, Figure 1 is a diagrammatic curve of the conditions of certain prior systems, showing the complex relation of energy and wave length, wherein only one portion of the energy of the ether waves canbe efiiciently received upon a receiving conductor; Figs. 2 and 3 are dia ams showing the action of different 'PIIOI' systems, which diagrams assist in making clear, by

distinction, the action of the new system hereof, which action is shown diagrammatically in Figs. 4 and 4; Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of the construction and electrical winding of a generator which may be and preferably is employed in my new system as the means for developing the eleetromotive force in the form characteristic of my invention, to be impressed on the exciting circuit; Figs. 6 and 7 are diagrammatic representations respectively of the sending and receiving apparatus preferably employed in my system; and Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the action of the invention "when employed to resonantly charge the condenser of the exciting circuit.

The prior art system which produced the conditions shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is obsolescxant and is different from the, prior art system which produces the conditions shown in Fig. 3, the latter system being the socalled quenched-spark system and constitutinga crude attempt at accomplishing the object attained by my invention of the shock or impact system hereof.

The system of Figs. 1 and 2 is that characterized by a persistently oscillatory exciting circuit com ined with a rapidly damped radiating circuit, the effect ofwhich is indicated by the curve of Fig. 1, wherein the ordinate is energy and the abscissa is ether wave-length. The curve shows the etheric wave conditions involving the relation between the wave-length and the energy. Two so-called humps occur, as shown. This condition is disadvantageous in various re or supply circuit, Exciter or condenser circut' t and Radiator or antenna circuit. The =showings are diagrammatic, particularly as to the spacing of waves and waves groups, but in substance the conditions of best working efliciency are shown. The lowest curve, Source, shows the potential which is impressed on the exciter circuit to charge the condenser thereof. The 'exciter curves illustrate the successive trains of oscillations in the exciter circuit, which result from the condenser discharges. (Here ideal conditions are indicated without consideration of the extra discharges which exist here as well as in the so-called quenched spark systems and which here simply serve to increase the inherent inefficiency of this system.) As is shown, each oscillation train starts at maximum and gradually tails ofl'.

.The radiator curves show the successive trains of oscillations in the antenna or radiating conductor which result from the action of the exciting circuit and from the persistradiator oscillations, as to frequency. and energy, but owing to their complexity they are not definitely and :completely understood by physicists, and therefore, although their said characteristics are observable by the results at the receiving station, no attempt is here made to illustrate them.

The most serious defects of the above system are its large energy losses in the exciter and its inability to produce pure or uniform ether'waves, i. e., waves having a single wave-frequency. The reason is, briefly, that the structure of the exciter is such, that operatingas a persistent oscillator, the 0s cillations induced by it on the radiator react on tlfe exciter before the latters oscillations die out and while they are yet acting on the radiator, so that not only is a considerable part of the energy of the reacting oscillations wasted in the dissipative resistances of the exciter, but the part of the up complex oscillations in the radiator which result in ether wave-trains each having two or more frequencies or humps, as indicated in Fig. 1. (No attempt has been made to show, at Exciter, Fig. 2, the complex oscillations resulting therein from the reaction of the radiator circuit. 'The curves there shownare restricted to an ideal showing of the oscillations originally produced by the useful discharge, even eliminating the extra discharges, as stated above.) Furthermore, in addition to the impracticability of usefully employing at a receiving station, the energy of both humps, the losses in the exciter decrease the lengths of the oscillation trains in the radiator, thereby damping it substantially and causing it to radiate correspondingly short trains of waves, resulting in reducing the ability to sharply wave-tune the receiving antenna, said damping being a defect which is cumulative with the impure wave-trains and resulting double-hump ether waves.

Similar defects in results, but from different causes, exist in the systems in which attempts have been made to obviate the defects of the above system. Such is the socalled quenched-spark system, the typical conditions in which are shown in Fig. 3. The most harmful action here is that of the extra or partial discharges in the Exciter, (in the decrescent part of the potential curve, B, D, F) indicated at X, Exciter. The useful discharges are indicated at U. In many cases there are several extra discharges X. These are not liable to occur during the rise of potential, because the discharge-gap is then, prior to the regular discharge, in a cool or non-conductive state. The effect of these extra discharges is to produce overtones or complex oscillation trains (as see curves of oscillation-trains at Radiator, Fig. 3), having also impure train-frequencies, in turn producing ether waves having two or more wave-frequencies and impure train-frequencies, all as in the case of the system of Figs. 1 and 2, some of the disadvantages of which have been noted above. If the showing at Radiator, Fig. 3, were continued out to the right, it would show the fact of unequal spacing between the oscillation trains, as well as unequal lengths of the oscillation-trains themselves, chiefly due to the variations and uncertainties of the spark-discharges. Also the extra discharges impair the purity of the sound in the telephones at the receiving station, by superimposing on the fundamental periodic note, a rustling or hissing non-musical sound, which indicates the non-efficiency of receiving.

At Source, 7 Fig. 3, the regular sine curve, A, B, D, F, etc., indicates the potential impressed on the exciter circuit, by an ordinary sine wave-form alternator. The

regular and useful discharge is at B, C, this.

harmful extra discharge and frequently more; It has seemed impossible to prevent such discharges without materially reducing efficiency. All attempts to prevent them have not only failed but also have been accomplished by losses of efficiency. For example, symmetrical sharp-peaked potential waves have been tried, wherein the drop from maximum (being sharp like the rise to maximum) was so rapid that no extra discharge could occur; but this reduced the efliciency very materially by departing from the preferable sine form, which is essential for -maximum efliciency for charging prepara- Also . tory to the initial or useful discharge.

attempts to prevent extra discharges have been made by the use of dissipative resistances, etc., which obviously reduce efficiency. Other attemptshave been made, without success, involving accurate regulation of voltage and discharge-gap, with the object of causing the initial discharge to occur at the peak of the potential wave, and thereby reduce the period in which the extra discharge might occur. Such attempts not only were ineffectual in preventing extra discharges, but they failed to insure regularity of useenser discharge, after which, i

ful discharges, irregularity of which even without any extra discharges, results in a similar impurity of note to that caused by the occurrence of extra discharges, together with all the other disadvantages of extra discharges, as above enumerated.

In accordance with an important feature of this invention, indicated in Fig. 4, all the above serious defects and difficulties are effectively obviated, without the slightest reduction of efficiency, and permissively with the use of the eflicient sine potential wave for condenser-charging. This is done by a very simple expedient, consisting merely in employing a special form of the part of the potential wave after the useful condenser-discharge has occurred. by means of which special wave-portion the regularity of useful discharges is insured and all extra discharges are made impossible, as has been demonstrated in practice.

g} This invention. involves not merely preventing extra discharges without loss of efficiencyjgy the sending circuits, but permits the emp'l6yment of efficient cooperating receiving apparatus and the production of results which have never before been attained in any system, including more particularly the persistent oscillation of the radiator and the limitation of the oscillations therein and of the ether waves radiated therefrom, to a single uniform wave frequency and a single uniform train-frequency, with all the resultant increase in the efliciency of reception as compared with all prior systems, including the ability to give the receiver a train-frequency which is that of the single uniform trainfrequency of the ether waves, and to employ a single receiving circuit tuned to the single wave-frequency of the ether-waves.

The potential wave employed herein is preferably of sinusoidal form as to its portion (as see a part A, B of the half cycle, Source, Fig. 4) which is used to charge the condenser of the exciter circuit, this sine form being by far the most eflicient form for that "purpose. A subsequent part of the wave, however, (the rest of the half cycle in the case shown at B, D, E, Source, Fig. 4) is-asymmetrical, 2'. e., is steeper than the first or charging portion, constituting a departure from the symmetrical sine form or any other symmetrical form. That is, from the point B, where the discharge-gap breaks down and the condenser discharges and causes the drop B, C to zero potential, the normal subsequentdrop of the potential supplied from the source is so rapid or steep that although, immediately after the discharge, the potentialof the condenser rises again, as at C, D, yet it'cannot possibly rise high enough to break down the dischargegap again during the same half-cycle. The result is the absolute prevention of extra discharges,'and only the regular single useful discharge can possibly occur, as shown at U, at Exciter, Fig. 4. This total elimination of the extra discharges, such as at X, Exciter, Fig. 3, prevents the production of overtones or complex oscillation trains and impure train-frequencies in the antenna, such as are shown at Radiator, Fig. 3, which subsequently result. in correspondingly complex and ineflicient ether waves. The result of the elimination of the extra discharges, in respect of the action of the antenna, is indicated at Radiator, Fig. 4, where, as distinguished from the showing at Radiator, Fig. 3, and the description thereof, the oscillation trains start at a maximum and continue persistently with a uniform decrement while they tail off very gradually. These trains are also always of substantially uniform length, and have uniform, substantially equal, spacing between them, so that a pure train-frequency is attained which is uniform in all respects including both length 7 of-trains and spacing between trains. These imiform trains, being free from the complexrelation between the wave-length and the energy. In respect of the humps, a comparison of Figs. 1 and 4 strikingly illustrates the difference between the results of the operation of my system and that of Fig.

1. Comparing the exciter curves of Figs.

2 and 4, the difference is also striking between the dead-beat exciter of my system (Fig. 4), acting to charge the radiator by shock or impact, and the persistently oscillatory exciter circuit of the system of Fig. 2, wherein the charging of the radiator is correspondingly prolonged and involved in continued reaction with the exciter. The illustration, Fig. 2, is ideal and not exact by reason of the omission of the irregular action in the exciter caused by its continued reaction with the radiator; but this omission serves to make more clear the distinction between my exciter and that of Fig. 2 above stated. Similarly striking is a comparison of the radiator curves of these Figs. 2 and 4, showing in my system (Fig. 4) the purity and much greater persistence of the oscillation trains. In fact, the actual conditions in my, radiator circuit resemble the showing of the exciter curves of the system of Fig. 2, theremarkable point being that in my case the persistent oscillation trains occur in the antenna or radiator instead of inthe exciter circuit as in the system of Fig. 2. In all these curve diagrams, the showings are largely diagrammatic, but the relative showings of the different systems are not only fair, but the prior systems have been favored in their showings by limiting the same to their best possible operating conditions. In my system the persistency of the oscillations in the Radiator, Fig. 4, will be appreciated from the statement of the fact that in the case here illustrated, the inactive time between oscillation trains is only about the same as the length of a train itself. In Radiator, Fig. 4 the wave-spacing is to scale, although the wave-amplitude and shape of wave-crests is somewhat diagrammatic. The case selected for illustration has the following data: flat-top antenna, with center of capacity of horizontal portion 200 feet above the ground. Electrostatic capacity of antenna is .002 microfarad. Wavelength is 1200 meters. Total inductance in antenna circuit is 203 microhenries. Total resistance, (including radiation resistance) is 4.1 ohms. Decrement is .04. One hundred and fifteen oscillations before reduction to one per cent. of the inital amplitude. Each o the oscillation trains in Radiator, Fig.

4, has a time period of over four hundred and fifty micro-seconds, this being also little less than the uniform inactive time between trains, which is less than five hundred and fifty micro-seconds. In fact, in this system, with wave-lengths longer than that indicated above, and consequently with lower decrement, the antenna oscillation trains may last a thousand micro-seconds or more, in which case the trains would meet or overlap, making the oscillations practically continuous. Although at Radiator, Fig. 4, the persistency and purity of the oscillation trains themselves .are clearly indicated, the fact that they are so extremely persistent has prevented an illustration of the uniformity of their recurrence, which is one of the most important results of the invention. In Radiator, Fig. 4, where the oscillationspacing or frequency is to scale, and where are shown all the many oscillationsof one of the uniformly recurring and persistent oscillation trains, it has been impossible, within the limits (of the sheet, to make a clear, fairsized showing of a complete train and also to show a plurality of trains including the uniform time spacing between their occurrence.

When it is stated herein that the space or time between trains is uniform, what is meant is the time between the beginning or occurrence of one train and the beginning or occurrence of the next, and that in the case of any given sender, the timing or spacing is the same throughout the entire series of trains constituting a signal and producing a singlenote at the receiver; all as distinguished from prior systems, where the trainspacing or frequency was irregular owingto the lack of control over the time of the dis-.

charges. Y

A preferred means for producing the gradually'bharging asymmetrical wave of potential, as above, and such as at Source, Fig. 4, is shown in Fig. 5. In the specific example shown, such means consists of an alternating current generator of a special construction suitable for producing such waves, as by having a special arrangement of inter-poles to effect the modification of the formerly-employed symmetrical sine form shown in Fig. 3. There are various ways of producing the gradually charging asymmetrical wave-form of this invention, which ways include various forms of alternating current generators, and although the special generator disclosed is the one now preferred by me for commercial use, yet it is only one of the various forms of generators included within the invention; and although the employment of is by no means the only way within the invention, of producing the desired special wave. I contemplate that, upon the disclosome special generator is now I believed to be the preferred means, yet that.

sure of my invention, it will be easy for one skilled inthe art to design, or borrow from the prior art, various equivalent means for producing the special wave employed in accordance with my invention. Broadly, the desired wave is one which first approaches a maximum charging value, more gradually than its subsequent relatively sudden drop, (and preferably along a sinusoidal curve), and then drops sharply to the low value. It is this sharp drop after the maximum charging value to the low value, which eliminates the possibility of extra discharges. It is the substantial sinusoidal form up to the maximum charging value, which is of the greatest value in charging the condenser, as distinguished from a sharp or peaked wave. The fundamental advantage in the invention, irrespective of any precise sine form of wave, is the combination of the relatively slow or gradual charging part of the curve, up to substantially the maximum charging value, with the relatively rapid and sudden drop to low value after the discharge maximum. It is this combination wave or substantially asymmetrical potential wave with a gradual charging portion and a relatively sudden drop which I here define broadly as the gradually charging asymmetrical wave of the invention, without any limitation other than that the discharging part of the wave is more abrupt than the charging part up to the maximum charging value, although the preferred specific form of, wave has a charging part which approaches as nearly 100 as possible to a true sine form, as for one example, in Fig. 4; and it is this form which is produced by the machine diagrammed in Fig. 5 which illustrates the essentials of the mechanical construction and electrical wind- 105 ings of this particular means of producing the special potential wave. In Fig. 4 are shown one discharge per half-cycle, involv ing two separate charging portions of the curve per cycle; but in Fig. 8 is shown and 1 will be described a case wherein there is only one discharge per cycle.

In Fig. 5 the armature arm rotates as per arrow and carries collector rings C, C

from WhlCh the alternating current is taken off through the leads to the condenser or exciter circuit of the sending'apparatus (see Fig. 6, where the special generator is at G).

In Fig. 5, four ordinary field poles. are shown, N, S, N S, their windings being 20 supplied from a source of direct current through a rheostat X, as usual, their source of supply constituting the supply for the ordinary or regular field of the generator.

The armature'includes the usual conduc- 25 tors, only one of which, Y, is shown, for simplicitys sake. The usual operation would be, (first considering the top north field pole N), that armature-conductor Y, approaching pole N, would have an electromotive" 13o force generated in it, which would become maximum when Y passed under pole N, and which would gradually decay at Y moved farther to the right, until the electromotive force reached zero when Y was half way to pole S, all as shown in thecurve at Source, Fig. 2, of prior systems.

The special construction of this generator, however, includes an extra or auxiliary set of field poles s, n, 8 n. (For simplicitys sake only four complete sets of pairs of poles are shown. In practice a greater number is used, depending on the discharge or trainfrequency desired and the available speed of the driver of the generator.) Each pole of these auxiliary poles is located near to a pole of the regular set N, S, N, S, and beyond it in the direction of rotation of the rotor arm. Also each auxiliary pole is magnetically of a sign opposite to that of its adjacent regular pole, as indicated by the reverse windings and by the reference letters N, S, n, s, for north, south, etc. The windings of the auxiliary poles are supplied from a source of direct current through the rheostat X.

The above construction modifies the ordinary action in this way. Conductor Y, passing to the right from pole N, encounters a magnetic flux generated by auxiliary pole s, which flux is of a sign opposite to that of pole N. The result is to cause a fall of the voltage in conductor Y which is a very abrupt one, as indicated, by way of one example, at B, D, E, in Source, Fig. 4. The sharpness of that fall or drop of potential in conductor Y after it has left the'regular field pole N may be controlled by varying the rheostat X (and thereby varyin the strength of pole s and the flux density t ereunder) or by varying the positions of pole s, as by making it adjustable or sliding either in the direction of arrow F or that of arrow G. Adjustment in direction F brings the drop in voltage farther along the curve. Ad ustment in direction G has the same effect as weakening the strength of the field of auxiliary pole s, i. 6., causes the drop in voltage to be less steep. 7

As shown in Fig. 6, the special generator G, of any desired form for producing the gradually charging asymmetrical potential. wave, such as the form of Fig. 5, is. connected to the step-up transformer T which is connected to the condenser structure 1 of the exciter circuit. The discharge-gap structure is at 2, and the concentrated inductance at 3; and the entire sending apparatus is connected through the inductance 3 and terminals 4, 5, to any desired radiating system or net-work, such as any of the various forms heretofore employed. I The entire apparatus of Fig. '6 is designed, with the generator G, to produce the results hereinbefore described, in respect not only to efliciency of waves radiated in pro ortion to energy supplied from the source but also to persistent and uniform single-frequency ether waves of uniform single wave-train frequency.

In Fig. 7 is shown the receiving apparatus or receiver, connected by terminals 6, 7, to any desired receiving system or network, such as any of the various forms heretofore employed. This receiver, as to its main circuit, is designed for cooperation with the above sender of Fi 6 in particular respect to the above named features of persistent and uniform single-wave-frequency wave-trains. This main circuit includes the inductance 8 and the condenser 9 in series therewith, and is the only wave-tuned circuit of the receiver. There would be no advantage in a second wave-tuned circuit, used sometimes heretofore, on account of the fact that the radiated wave-trains of my system are pure, z. e., of a single wave-frequency, so that only a single circuit is needed to receive them efficiently, the result of this being that sharp tuning and maximum efliciency in receiving are obtained by such single wave-tuned receiving circuit. A second wave-tuned circuit is useful only to enable the combined circuits to receive as much as possible of the energy of complex ether waves such as are indicated in Fig. 1. The wave-tuning of the main circuit of Fig. 7 is done by properly proportioning the inductance 8 and the capacity 9, so that the main circuit is tuned to the wave-frequency of the radiated waves. The same instruments 8 and 9 are also both proportioned so that the decrement or persistency of the main circuit corresponds with the persistency of the transmitted wave; trains. Since the latter in my system have high persistency, a large amount of .induc- 'tance 8 maybe included in the main circuit,

as shown, and a correspondingly small capacity 9, in order to preserve the desired wave-tuning and at the same time preserve a low decrement.

The details of construction of the elements of the sender are shown in Fig. 6. The condenser 1 consists of a number of lates 10'of glass or other suitable dielectric, aving conducting coatings 11 on both sides, preferably secured to the dielectric in accordance with United States patent to Pickard, No.,

893,811, of July 21st, 1908. The plate form of condenser is particularly preferred in my system. instead of the Leyden jar form, because it permits of such compact arrangement of the condenser-units that the inductance of the condenser connections to the other elements of the sender is very small,

this being an important consideration because it permits a maximum amount of the inductance of the sender to be concentrated in that major portion of inductance 3 which is common to both the radiator and exciter circuits. In my shock or impact system such concentration in a common inductance is employed on account of its function, as constituting a tight coupling between the exciting and radlating circults, in assisting the action of the discharge-gap in abruptly transferring the energy from one circuit to the other, and in cooperating with the special form of potential wave in eliminating extra discharges.

The condenser plates 10 are arranged relatively as shown, in a stack, preferably resting on edge and contained in an oil tank, not shown. The leads from the condenser units are taken off from the conducting coatings 11, either in parallel as shown, or in' seriesparallel, depending upon the voltage and power employed.

The details of the air-cooled dischargegap structure 2 are also shown in Fig. 6. That structure comprises a plurality of pairs of rings 12, 13, the number and size depend ing on the voltage and power employed, and the pairs being separated by conducting (metal) pins 1 1. The rings of each pair are separated by peripheral and central gaskets 15 and 16 of insulating material, providing an inclosed construction for the discharge spaces 17 between the discharge surfaces, 18. The rings 12, 13 are of copper, or of other metal also having high thermal conductivity, in order to rapidly convey away from the discharge surfaces any heat which may be generated by the discharges.

The discharge surfaces 18 consist of silver annuli secured to the copper rings 12, 13 in any suitable way as by brazing, the silver having a thickness of about a sixteenth of an inch. Silver ispreferred because it has verv high electrical and thermal conductivity and is not easily roughened or oxidized by the discharges. A most important feature of the construction is that which insures uniform cooling of the discharge surfaces 18. A common passage 19 (closed at bottom 30) extends through the center of the pairs of rings 12, 13, this passage being connected to a pipe 20 in turn connected to an ordinary exhaust or pressure blower (not shown) which causes circulation of air at low pressure. The effective cooling circulation is that through the transverse passages 21 formed between the pairs of rings 12, 13 by the pins 14, and branching from the central passage 19. In operation, the air passes radially in all directions, either inward or outward through the passages 21, thereby conveying heat away from the surfaces of adjacent pairs of rings 12, 13 and thereby keeping down the temperature of the silver discharge surfaces 18 which are in heatconducting relation with the rings 12, 13. This system of cooling is, absolutely uniform, so that all parts of the discharge surfaces 18 are kept at equal temperature, the

important result of the cooling system and of this entire discharge structure generally being the elimination of any tendency of heat to cause a localization of successive and possibly irregular discharges at any one point on a discharge surface, and generally the elimination of all conditions liable to result in irregular or extra discharges. Hence the discharge structure has an important function in cooperating with the special form of potential wave employed, to eliminate all harmful extra and irregular discharges. This action of the discharger in assisting to insure regularity of discharges and consequent uniformity of wavefrequency and train-frequency, makes it also useful as a means of preventing all oscillatory action in the exciter beyond a partial half-swing after the first or effective single complete half-swing, as shown at U, Exciter, Fig. 4. Hence this discharger, which is useful as a means assisting to prevent all irregularity of discharges, is also useful as an element of the preferred embodiment of my invention, 1', 0., in the shock or impact system hereof, wherein important elements are also the special potential wave, and particularly the tight coupling, via the concentrated inductance 3 (Fig. (3) between the exciter and the radiator, providing a free exit for energy from the exciter to the radiator. Thus the combination of the described discharger, the special potential wave, and the tight coupling, constitute the chief elements of my shock or impact sending system, wherein the exciter is a true dead-beat, nonoscillatory circuit, all the energy in which, in the form of an instantaneously-existing partial swing preferably of the same noninterfering wave-form as that produced by it in the radiator, is instantly expelled through the tight coupling to, the radiator where it is thereafter isolated from the exciter. r

In Fig. 6, the inductance 3 and its connections are shown diagrammatically as representing an inductance the major portion of which is common to the exciter andradiator circuits. Any suitable construction, in place of the single coil structure shown, may be employed, particularly when the arrangeq ment is such as to provide a tight coupling,

described above as being of great importance in my system.

In Fig. 7 are shown the important details of the receiver circuits, including particularly the means for providing for the same train-frequency as that of the uniform or evenly spaced wave-trains which are radiated from the sender of this invention". The detector 22 may be connected to the inductance 8 as shown, and is preferably of the rectifier type of the various inventions and United States patents of Greenleaf Whittier Pickard. This detector may be employed without any auxiliary source of volt: age, but preferably a potentiometer 24 is used, consisting of a battery 25 and a resistance 26 with adjustable tap 27, the'arrangement, particularly as to amount and direction of E. M. F., being as set out in Pickard United States Patent Number 912,613 of February 16th, 1909. The telephones 23, or other suitable indicating devices, are connected as shown. It is preferred to employ the telephone having a construction like that of Pickard United States Patent No. 972,715 of October 11th, 1910. The condenser 28 is connected, as shown, in shunt to the indicating device 23, and its capacity is so chosen, w1th relation to the inductance of the windingsof device 23, that the circuit thus formed has a periodicity corresponding with the rate of discharge of the discharger 2 of Fig. 6. That is, if the special generator G of Fig. 6, illustrated in detail in Fig. 5, has a frequency of five hundred cycles per second, and the other elements are such that there are a thousand discharges per second in the discharge structure 2 of Fig. 6, z. 6., one regular discharge for each half-cycle of the potential wave, as in Fig. 4, then the circuit 28, 27, 23 of the receiver, Fig. 7, is so proportioned as to have a periodicity of one thousand per second. This exact proportioning of the receiver to the ether wavetrain frequency is made possible for the first time in this invention, by virtue of the fact that by means of the inventions herein, the Wave-train frequency is for the'first -time made pure or uniform, i. 6., the trains'of waves are evenly spaced from each other. Any suitable means maybe employed as the equivalent of that above specified, to proportion the receiver to the train-frequency of the ether-waves.

In Fig. 4, at Source a dischar e (B, C) is indicated at each half-cycle of t e potential wave. In some cases, however, it is advantageous to have only one discharge for each complete cycle, in which cases the discharge B, C is omitted and the discharge F, G (secondhalf cycle, Fig. 8) is the only one for the complete cycle. This may be accomplished in various ways, as by reducing the field excitation of the generator G, Fig. 6, as by rheostat X, Fig. 5, to. such a point that the voltage at B Source, Fig. 4) is below the break-down point of the discharge, and also preferably by emplo ing a transformer at T (Fig. 6) having a igh magnetic-leakage (constituting a loose coupling between the generator and the condenser) so that the condenser is charged by pure resonance, thereby producing a rise of potential which first reaches at F Source, Fig. 8) a suflicient value to break down the discharger. This is advantageous not only because the condenser is more efficiently charged (11. e., suificiently charged by a source of lower voltage), by a gradual application of potential, 11. e., by pure resonance charging, than by a more or less forced charge such as that by only a quarter cycle; but it is also advantageous because the time of occurrence of the single discharge F, G is most accurately fixed, z. e., the purest or more uniform train-frequency is attained. Fig. 4 shows the discharge B, C after only a quarter-cycle charge of the condenser, from A to B. In Fig. 8 are shown the conditions of resonance-charging above referred to, as insuring a higher perfection of pure train-frequency z'. e., regular recurrence of condenser discharges. It is clear that in order to obtain the same train-frequency with one discharge per cycle as with two, the frequency of the generator G, Figs. 6 and 5, will be doubled.

In Fig. 8 are shown curves at Source and Exciter similar to the corresponding curves of Fig. 4, with an interpolated showing of condenser condition to illustrate the resonant charging of the condenser. At Source, the portion A, B, E, F of the curve is preferably sinusoidal and no discharge occurs prior to that at F, G, and the part F, H, I, of the curve has the same feature of abrupt decline as has the part B, D, E of Source, Fig. 4. The single resulting complete half oscillation, for each complete cycle of the potential wave, is shown at U Exciter, Fig. 8. Comparing the source curves of Flgs. 4 and 8, the fact appears that the charging of the condenser in the latter case occupies three-quarters of a complete cycle of the potential wave, instead of one-quarter as in Fig.4. The curve at Condenser, Fig. 8, illustrates the resulting potential on the condenser (at 1, Fig. 6). In Fig. 4 no separate showing of the potential on the condenser is made because that potential is substantially identical with the curve at Source, Fig. 4 (modified only by its discharge at B, 0,) on account of the comparatively tight coupling between the generator and condenser constituted by a transformer T having small magnetic leakage, which tight coupling compels the condenser potential to closely follow the potential-wave form of the source. As is shown at"Condenser, Fig. 8, the potential on the condenser in that case does not follow the potential wave form of the source, but, as at A B, E, F builds up gradually to a maximum value, reached at F sufli ciently high for discharge. The potential at the maximum point of the first half cycle, as at B is far too low to permit a discharge there. For the same train-frequency, the generator frequency of Fig. 8 is twice that of Fig. 4, so that the time occupied by a semi-cycle in Fig. 8, is only half of that in Fig. 4. For this reason, the maximum potential at F, Condenser, Fig. 8, other things being equal, is by that measure located more accurately in point of time, so that a series of discharges U '(Exciter, Fig. 8) are more evenly spaced from each other. This asymmetrical potential wave of Fig. 8 is included in my definition, stated above, of the gradually charging asymmetrical wave of this invention. The precise sinusoidal form of the wave from A to F, Fig. 8, is not necessary, but it is preferred to approach that as nearly as possible, although a modification of the generator of Fig. 5 is necessary if this exact form of wave is to be obtained by a special construction of generator. If desired, the feature of prolonged or resonant charging, and single dischargeper potential wave cycle, can be obtained by the use of the generator of Fig. 5 and its resultant potential wave atsource, Fig. 4, the drop B, D, E in the first halfcycle being merely a slightly inferior form, as to charging, of the curve at Source, Fig. 8, and being a feature not affecting the object, 2'. e., exact time-recurrence of the single discharge per cycle. This is attained in the same way, i. e., by reducing the field excitation of the generator and preferably employing a transformer T (Fig. 6) having a high magnetic leakage, to provide a loose coupling between the generator and the condenser; no discharge being permitted in the first half-cycle of the potential wave because the gradual resonant charging of the condenser does not cause a suflicient potential to discharge, at the maximum of said first half-cycle.

The advantages of the invention disclosed herein have been above set forth, but the most important may be recapitulated as follows: The excitei circuit is divorced from the radiator as an element involved in the effective action of the radiator, and is restricted to the functioning of starting, at definitely recurring instants, the swinging of the radiator, the action of the exciter being to abruptly charge the radiator by shock or impact, and then stop acting, it being therefore a dead-beat circuit. The radiator, left free to swing by itself as to the energy supplied to and isolated in it, persistently oscillates, without interference by or with any other conductor, until all its energy is gradually or persistently imparted to the ether in the form of persistent trains of ether-waves. The regularity of action of the exciter and the independence of action of the radiator, produce the following advantageous results: First, the series of trains of oscillations and of resulting ether waves are uniform, z'. 0., are evenly spaced apart, (and also of equal lengths), and the receiver therefore has a single train-frequency which accurately corresponds to such single or pure train-frequency of the ether wave-trains; the result of this being maxitrain; and therefore the receiver has only a single circuit (the antenna or net-work) which is tuned to the single or pure wavefrequency of the ether waves; the result of this being maximum efficiency in receiving, in respect of the wave-frequency. Third, each train of oscillations and resulting etherwaves has maximum persistency, the very important result of which is maximum efficiency in receiving,.in particular respect of the receiving net-work, which is tuned to the ether-wave frequency and which therefore oscillates with a maximum persistency corresponding with the maximum persistency of the ether waves, with the ultimate result of efiiciency of supply of energy to the indicating devices of the receiver. The gross effect of all the above is maximum efiiciency between the sending generator and the indicating devices at the receiver, and

also maximum efficiency of radiation and reception, which is indicated by the absolutely pure musical note given by the receiving telephones. The lack, in that note, of any rustling or hissing non-musical sounds, indicates the corresponding freedom of the ether waves from all impurities or lack of uniformity, and the measurable amount of energy which is received indicates that the single wave-tuned receiving circuit (the antenna or net-work) is receiving all the energy transmitted to the receiver, 2'. 6., that only pure and uniform ether disturbances are being transmitted, and indicates that the sending circuits are free from all theoretically preventable losses.

I claim:

1. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method of preventing extra discharges which consist in impressing upon the exciting circuit of the sender, a gradually charging asymmetrical wave of potential, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion,

2. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in charging the exciter with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and charging the radiator with the energy of the exciter discharge.

3. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in charging the sender with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion lesssteep than the descending portion.

4. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether waves, and constructed and arranged to produce a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

5. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether waves, and constructed and arranged to charge the exciter with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

6. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether yvaves, which consists of an alternating current generator constructed and arranged to supply to the exciter a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

7. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether waves, which consists of an alternating current generator arranged to supply the exciter and having an auxiliary set of field poles respectively near its regular field poles and of opposite magnetic signs.

8. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether waves, which consists of an alternating current generator arranged to supply the exciter and having an auxiliary set of field poles respectively near its regular field poles and of opposite magnetic signs, said auxiliary poles being adjustable in a direction to vary the location of the drop in voltage along the potential curve.

9. Means for charging a sending apparatus of a system of signaling by electric ether waves, which conslsts of an alternating current generator supplying the exciter and having an auxiliary set of field poles respectively near its regular field poles and of opposite magnetic signs, said auxiliary poles being adjustable in a direction to vary the steepness of the drop in voltage in the potential curve.

10.' In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in resonately charging the condenser of the exciter circuit with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave.

11. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in resonately charging the condenser of the exciter circuit with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave, and causing one discharge of the condenser for each complete cycle of the wave.

12. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of an alternating current generator supplying the exciter with current having a potential wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending por-. tion, and a transformer having high magnetic leakage constituting a loose coupling between the generator and the exciter.

13. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for producing a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a loose coupling between said exciter and producing means.

14. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in charging the exciter by a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, preventing persistence of oscillations in the exciter, and charging the radiator by the impact of the abruptly terminated action in the exciter.

15. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in charging the exciter with current having a potential wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion and preventing extra discharges in the exciter, preventing persistency of oscillations in the exciter upon the discharge thereof, and charging the radiator by t e impact of the exciter oscillation and isolating the energy thereof from the exciter in the radiator.

16. In a shock or impact system of wireless signaling by electric ether waves, means for preventing extra discharges of the exciter, which comprises the combination of a means for charging the condenser of the exciter with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, with a discharger for the exciter, constructed to permit uniform cooling of its discharge surfaces. v

17. In a shock or impact system of wireless signaling by electric ether waves means for preventing extra discharges of the ex- 1 tion, a discharge structure including a citer, which comprises the combination of a condenser-discharger consisting of a plurality of pairs of discharge surfaces with spaces between the pairs; with an alternating current generator constructed and arranged to supply the condenser with a gradually charging asymmetrical wave of potential, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

19. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an alternating current generator constructed and arranged to produce a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave; characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion of an exciter; a transformer having high magnetic leakage and constituting a loose coupling between the generator and exciter; said exciter including a condenser, a discharge structure including a plurality of discharge spaces and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces; and a radiator tightly coupled to -the exciter.

20. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator, of an exciter comprising a battery of plate condensers, means for supplying the exciter with current having an asymmetric potential 'wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending pprp urality of discharge spaces and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces; means for preventing extra discharges in the exciter; and a concentrated inductance constituting a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator.

21. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator, of an exciter; means for charging the exclter with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave; characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, said exciter comprising a battery of plate condensers, a discharge structure including a plurality of discharge spaces and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces thereof; and a concentrated inductance constituting a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator.

22. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter; of means for supplying the exciter with a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave; characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, said 'exciter including a discharge structure including a plurality of discharge spaces and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces; and a radiator tightly coupled to the exciter.

23. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator; of

an exciter comprising a battery of plate condensers, means for supplying the exciter with current having an asymmetric potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, a discharge structure including a plurality of discharge gaps and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces of said gaps; and a concentrated Inductance constituting a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator.

24. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for charging the exciter with a grad ually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, said eXciter including a discharge structure having a plurality of discharge gaps and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces; a radiator; and a tight coupling between the radiator and exciter; all whereby the waves emitted from the radiator comprise a series of persistent trains of single uniform wave-frequency and single uniform train-frequency.

25. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter which includes a plurality of discharge spaces and means for cooling the discharge surfaces; of means for preventing extra discharges in the exciter, said means including a source of current having an asymmetric potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion; a radiator; and a tight coupling between the exciter and the radiator.

26. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with means for producing a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, of a dead-beat exciter loosely coupled thereto; and a radiator tightly coupled to said exciter.

27. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a sender comprising a radiator and an exciter, of means for limiting the action of the exciter to substantially a single oscillation, said means including a source of potential of an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

28. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a sender comprising a radiator and an exciter, of means for limiting the action of the exciter to substantially a single oscillation, said means including a source of potential of an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator whereby the energy of the exciter-oscillation is abruptly transferred to the radiator.

29. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a source of potential having an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, a deadbeat exciter, of a radiator, and a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator.

, 30. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter including a discharge structure comprising a pluralit of discharge spaces in series and means or uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces, means for supplying the discharge structure with a potential having an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, all whereby the discharge of the exciter is limited to substantially a single oscillation, and the exciter then open-circuited; and a radiator tightly coupled to the exciter, whereby the energy of the limited action of the exciter is abruptly transferred to the radiator; all whereby the ether waves emitted from the radiator have a single uniform wave-frequency.

31. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for preventing the persistency of oscillations therein, means for preventing extra discharges therein, including a source of supply to the exciter of potential having an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a radiator tightly coupled to said exciter, whereby the series of trains of ether Waves emitted from the radiator have a single uniform wave-frequency and a single uniform train-frequency.

32. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, a radiator tightly coupled thereto; means for limiting the action of the exciter to substantially a single oscillation for each discharge; and means for preventing extra discharges in the exciter; including a source of supply to the exciter of potential having an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, all whereby the ether waves emitted from. the radiator have a single uniform wave-frequency and a single uniform train-frequency. K

33. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method which consists in charga ing a radiator by shock or impact at uniformly recurring instants, and isolating each such charge on the antenna to permit its complete radiation in uniform persistent trains of ether waves havlng a single uniform train-frequency and a single uniform wave-frequency, said isolat on being contributed to by supplying an initial charge in the form of a potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

34. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for limiting the excitation thereof to substantially a single oscillation, means of supplying the exciter with potential of an asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a radiator tightly coupled to the exciter and caused thereby to operate with persistent oscillation-trains having a single uniform trainfrequency and a single uniform oscillationfrequency.

35. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the method of producing ether waves of single uniform train-frequency and single uniform wave-frequency, which consists in charging the radiator by shock or impact at uniformly recurring instants, and electrically isolating the radiator from the charging means during the intervals between the instants of charging, said isolation being contributed to by supplying an initial charge in the form of a potential of asym metric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion.

36. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with means for producing a gradually charging asymmetical potential wave, characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, of an exciter connected therewith to be charged thereby, whereby the discharges therein are of a single uniform dischargefrequency; a radiator connected with said exciter and in which the oscillation trains have a single uniform train-frequency corresponding with that of the discharges in the exciter, and from which are radiated trains of ether waves having a single uniform train-frequency. corresponding with the oscillation-trains in'the radiator; and a receiver having a single uniform train-frequency corresponding with that of the radi ated ether waves.

37. In Wireless signaling by electric ether Waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for applying thereto a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion a radiator coupled to the exciter, and thereby emitting trains of ether waves having a single uniform train-frequency; and a receiver having substantially the same single train-frequency. I

38. In wireless signaling by electric ether Waves, the combination with a radiator, of

means for causing the emission therefrom of wave-trains of a single uniform train-frequency, including a source of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a receiver having substantially the same train frequency as that of the ether waves.

39. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of

means for preventing extra discharges in the exciter; including a supply of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, a radiator tightly coupled to the exciter; and a receiver having a single uniform train-frequency substantially corresponding to the single uniform train-frequency of the ether waves emitted from the radiator.

. 40. In wireless signaling by electric ether Waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for limiting the action of the exciter to substantially a single oscillation for each discharge; including a supply of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, a radiator tightly coupled to the exciter; and a receiver having substantially the same single wave-frequency as that of the ether waves emitted from the radiator.

, 41. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator; of means for causing the emission therefrom of wave-trains having a single uniform Wavefrequency, including a supply of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a receiver having substantially the same wave-frequency as that of the ether waves.

42. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves,'the combination with a radiator, of a receiver including a receiving antenna; means for causing the emission from the radiator of ether waves having a single uniform wave-frequency; including a supply of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than'the descending portion, and a single circuit of the receiver, namely the antenna, having the same wave-frequency as that of the ether waves. a

43. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an alternating current generator supplying a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, of an exciter charged thereby and including a condenser and a plurality of discharge gaps and means for cooling the discharge surfaces thereof; a radiator, an inductance constituting a tight coupling between the radiator and exciter; and a receiver having the same train and wave-frequencies as the single train and single wave-frequencies of the ether waves emitted from the radiator.

44. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of means for applying thereto a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion; a radiator; an inductance constituting a tight coupling between the exciter and radiator; said exciter including a plurality of discharge gaps and means for uniformly cooling the discharge surfaces, all whereby the trains of waves emitted from the radiator have a single uniform train-frequency and a single uniform wave-frequency; and a receiver having substantially the same single train-frequency and the same single wave-frequency.

45. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with means for producing a gradually charging asymmetrical potential wave characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, of an exciter connected therewith to be charged thereby, whereby the discharges therein are of a single substantially uniform dischargefrequency; means for making said exciter dead-beat; a radiator connected with the dead-beat exciter and in which the oscillations and the oscillationtrains have, respectively, single uniform oscillationand train-frequencies, and from which ether waves are radiated which have single uniform waveand train-frequencies corresponding with the frequencies of the radiator, and a receiver having a single train-frequency, and a single wave-frequency, respectively, corresponding with the single uniform Waveand train-frequencies of said ether waves.

46. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with an exciter, of

means for limiting the action of the exciter to substantially a single oscillation for each discharge; means for preventing extra discharges in the exciter; including a source of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descendin portion, a radiator tightly coupled to t e exciter; and a receiver having substantially the same single uniform waveand train-frequencies, respectively, as the single uniform waveand train-frequencies of the ether waves emitted from the radiator.

47. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator, of

means for causing the emission therefrom of ether waves having a single uniform wave frequency and a single uniform train frequency; including a source of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a recelver having substantially the same single trainand Wave- 5 frequencies respectively.

48. In wireless signaling by electric ether waves, the combination with a radiator, of means for causing the emission therefrom of ether Waves having a single uniform wave- 10 frequency and in the form of, persistent trains, including a source of potential of asymmetric wave form characterized by an ascending portion less steep than the descending portion, and a receiver having an antenna having a correspondingly low decrement and substantiall the same single Wave-frequency as that o the uniform etherwave frequency.

J. ALBERTPROCTOR. Witnesses:

GREENLEAF WHPICKARD, H. N. CoMINs, 

